北疆矿产资源开发中的环境污染问题研究

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	北疆矿产资源开发中的环境污染问题研究
其他题名	ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS CAUSED BY MINING ACTIVITIES IN NORTH XINJIANG AUTONOMOUS REGION, CHINA
	李社红
	2002
学位授予单位	中国科学院地球化学研究所
学位授予地点	中国科学院地球化学研究所
学位名称	博士
学位专业	地球化学
关键词	新疆矿业开发生态破坏环境污染金矿氰化物稀有多金属矿
摘要	矿产资源开采过程中的生态破坏和环境污染问题是环境科学的一个重要研究领域.新疆地域广阔,矿产资源丰富,是中国矿产资源重要的战略储备基地.矿产资源开发是中国西部大开发的一个重要组成部分.但矿产资源的开发往往带来环境的污染和生态的破坏,新疆地理气候特殊,生态环境脆弱,如何在保护生态和环境的条件下,合理开发利用新疆的矿产资源、实现矿业可持续发展是一个亟待解决的问题.该文以北部新疆为研究对象,对北疆矿产资源开采过程中产生的生态环境问题进行较全面的调查基础上,重点对几个典型污染物在重要的矿山和敏感区域中的环境地球化学进行较为详细的研究.
其他摘要	The problem of ecological damage and environmental pollution during the exploiting mineral resources is one of the most important fields in the environmental science. The territory of Xinjiang Autonomous Region is so large and in the region mineral resources are very abundant. The mineral resources exploitation must bring the economic takeoff in the west China but in the meantime it may bring environmental contamination and ecological damage. The geographic environment and climate in Xinjiang region are particular and the ecosystem is very brittle. How to rationally exploiting and using the mineral resources and realizing mining sustainable development in the condition of protecting ecological environment need to be solyed. This thesis takes the northern region of Xinjiang as the study object. On the base of completely surveying the status of mineral resources exploitation and the ecological environment damage by the activity, we selected several typical contaminants of some significant mines and regions as objects to study their environmental geochemistry behaviors in detail and have drawn some conclusions as follows: (1) The ecological environments have been polluted and damaged during exploiting the mineral resources in some ores areas in the north region of Xinjiang. Especially the ecological environments in the Irtysh River which is the only river in China running into the Arctic Ocean have been seriously damaged by the activity of panning out gold from the sands. The activity of panning gulch gold has seriously spoiled the riverbeds and, soil structure. Lots of pasture lands have been occupied by the waste rocks end forests have been stealthily cut down by the gold digger that brought the results of serious soil erosion and river water becoming turbidity. The fishery resources and biological diversity in this drainage basin have been seriously destroyed. The disaster of landslide and mud-rock flow may occur at any time. At the same time a lots of mercury have been used in the activity so that may bring the problem of river mercury pollution that is difficult to return. So the activity of panning gold especial to individual behaviors must get strictly restricted and managed. The other mining activities have also brought the local vegetative cover and landscapes destruction and environment pollution inevitably. Rocky gold mining have brought serious cyanide pollution as well as heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic pollution. And that rare metals mining exists uranium and thorium radioactive pollution (2) After quantitative study the cyanide environmental geochemistry behaviors tlirough simulation experiment and field test on sites, we found that the wastewater cyanide degradation speed in tailings impoundment and receiving rivers is fast. The natural degradation of cyanide conforms to negative exponential equation in the tailings impoundment and even in the receiving streams if the dilution action from other streams were deducted. The degradation speed is controlled by many conditions such as degree of mineralization, temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen, intensity of illumination and microbial activity. According to the study, the speed of cyanide degradation in streams is the fastest. So it is improper and waste of the environmental capacity resources to evaluate and predict the cyanide effluent from a goldmine impacting on the downstream environment according to the degradation parameters from a simple simulation experiment indoor. The equations of cyanide degradation in the streams and the hydrology parameters could be used to assess the environment impact on the downstream areas if accidental discharges cyanide occurred. The study results show that cyanide effluent impact on environment is acute and temporary. But the cyanide degradation speed in tailings debris and polluted soil is very slow. Cyanide content in the abandoned many years tailings debris is still very high and even can be highly enriched in the surface salt crust in the arid and semiarid area. The cyanide transference and degradation in polluted soil is controlled by the soil structure. The viscidity layer in the soil section can strongly adsorb and highly enrich cyanide. All of the processes are disadvantage to the cyanide degradation and have environmental significance. On one hand the processes cause cyanide slowly releasing into environment and becoming long-term pollution source, on the other hand in some particular conditions the cyanide may be eluviated and release large amounts into environment causing acute damage. (3) The sources of mercury pollution during exploiting goldmine come from two sides. One source is from the amalgamation process during refining gold and the other source is from the mercury that associated with the gold deposit. So the mercury contents in the wastewater and tailings debris are not only controlled by the mercury background level in the deposits but also by the amalgamation processes whether to be adopted or not. The study shows that the amount of mercury released into environment from the amalgamation process is very big. Mercury content in the tailings debris from some individual gold diggers can be near to 300ppm and gold content in the tailings debris can be up to 10.85ppm. Mercury contents in the polluted rivers and soils are usually high when it is high in the goldmine wastewater and tailings debris. Because the environment polluted by mercury is very difficult to recover and some biology can highly enrich mercury in their bodies, it is necessary to strengthen manage the tailings debris and ban amalgamation process and the low technique individual gold digger.
页数	139
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.gyig.ac.cn/handle/352002/3630
专题	研究生_研究生_学位论文环境地球化学国家重点实验室
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	李社红. 北疆矿产资源开发中的环境污染问题研究[D]. 中国科学院地球化学研究所. 中国科学院地球化学研究所,2002.

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