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筑坝河流碳生物地球化学及颗粒有机碳来源定量辨识
彭希
Thesis Advisor刘丛强 ; 王宝利
2013
Degree Grantor中国科学院研究生院
Place of Conferral北京
Degree Name博士
Degree Discipline地球化学
Keyword筑坝 Δ13c C/n 碳循环 Poc
Abstract河流作为连接陆地和海洋生态系统两大碳库的重要环节,成为全球碳循环研究的一个重要组成部分。近年来,河流的自然性质和作用过程受到流域内不断加强的人为活动的强烈冲击,而大坝对河流的拦截调蓄是对河流及流域生态系统最重要、最显著、最广泛的人为影响事件。河流筑坝拦截后,水流减弱、温度升高、营养负荷增加,湖沼学发育明显;生物作用的加强使得蓄水河流的碳生物地球化学循环变得复杂起来。前期的研究多集中于单纯的河流或水库,且多针对于溶解无机碳和水库温室气体。为全面了解筑坝河流碳生物地球化学特征,本论文对同一流域的河流和水库进行了同步采样,同时鉴于颗粒有机碳(POC)的研究较少;因此在明确筑坝河流碳生物地球化学特征时,重点研究了筑坝对POC来源和通量的影响。 乌江流域是西南典型的梯级开发河流,且有一定的研究积累。为此,本研究选取了乌江干流上三个处于不同营养水平的水库以及它们相应的入库水体和出库水体,以及乌江支流猫跳河上的红枫湖作为研究对象。在2011年5月至2012年5月对它们进行半月一次为期一年的野外高频率监测和取样分析,对DIC、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、POC、DIC同位素组成(δ13CDIC)、POC同位素组成(δ13CPOC)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量以及相关的环境因子进行了分析测定,得出以下主要结论: 1)筑坝形成的水库湖沼学发育明显,库区叶绿素a含量比入库河流平均提高了5.6倍;这一变化改变了河流DIC各组成成分的比重和DIC的碳同位素组成(δ13CDIC):HCO3-占比例由库区水体的85.9%增加到下泄水的94.2%;CO32-占DIC比例由水库的7.1%降低为水库下泄水的2.9%,CO2*占DIC的比例相应地由0.9%提高到1.9%,δ13CDIC变化范围为-10.2~2.5‰,表明碳酸盐岩风化、光合作用及呼吸作用共同控制了δ13CDIC的变化。入库河流的δ13CDIC变化范围在-9.4‰~-6.4‰,平均为-8.1‰;库区δ13CDIC变化范围在-10.0~2.5‰,平均为-6.1‰;下泄水δ13CDIC变化范围在-10.2‰~-7.1‰,平均为-8.3‰。洪家渡水库(HJD)和东风渡水库(DFD)处于中富营养水平,乌江渡水库(WJD)和红枫湖(HFH)处于重富营养化水平,相应的表层水体中的Chl-a浓度也有较大的差异同时也指示初级生产力具有较大差异;库区水体中不同的δ13CDIC值可以反应这一点。 2)研究水域中δ13CPIC值具有一定的空间差异。河流水体中δ13CPIC值在-9.0‰~-1.2‰,平均为-4.5±1.7‰;库区水体中δ13CPIC值在-15.5~-1.0‰,平均为-6.2±3.1‰;出库水体中δ13CPIC值在-17.3~-2.1‰,平均为-6.5±3.1‰。LCH至LGH段13CPIC差异较小,平均为-5.0‰,从WJD开始偏负。母岩的碳同位素比值偏正,为1.5‰,说明WJD以及HFH中水体内沉淀的碳酸盐岩较多,LCH至LGH段相河流内沉淀的相对较少,流域土壤对这部分水域的PIC贡献较多。 3)土壤的C/N值平均为11.1,藻类的C/N值平均为6.6,研究水域的POC的C/N值平均为7.7,可以利用C/N对POC来源进行判断。土壤的δ13C平均为-22.8‰,研究水域中的POC的δ13C平均为-29.0‰。根据C/N值和δ13C值可对POC来源进行定性判断。利用Chl-a法和C/N比值法分别根据两端员混合模型,将土壤侵蚀作为外源和浮游藻类作为自生内源各自对POC的贡献比例计算。其中河流δ13CPOC平均为-27.0‰,外源输入占总POC的62.6%;水库δ13CPOC为-29.7‰,外源输入占总POC的39.4%。从HJD到WJD,水库表层水体中的生物量从0.10mg/L增加至0.45mg/L,POC中内源物质占的比例从40.1%增加至69.1%。利用C/N值和利用δ13CPOC对HJD、WJD以及HFH表层水体中POC来源的定性判断结果一致:4月到9月(文中将4月至9月定义为暖季, 10月至3月定义为冷季)期间HJD水库中外源贡献较大为65.3%;DFD库区水体中外源和内源对POC的贡献无季节差异,暖季和冷季期间外源对POC的贡献率为分别为45.3%和34.8%,冷季期间WJD水库中外源对POC的贡献相对较小为29.5%。 4)根据2006年的各研究点的年总水量计算了POC的通量和土壤侵蚀量,发现POC通量和土壤侵蚀量从上游到下游呈现都增加的趋势。六冲河至乌江渡下泄水段,土壤侵蚀量增加了31.4%。这与水库的营养状况有关同时也与流域的土地利用有关。同时发现水库对POC具有较高的拦截率,乌江渡水库对POC的拦截率达到了72.4%。在获得浮游藻类对POC的贡献比例的基础上,本研究对各研究点中浮游藻类的δ13C值进行了估算,发现浮游藻类的δ13C具有明显的季节差异,同时在各个水库和河流也具有较大的差异。用Chl-a法计算得到的HJD中藻类的δ13C值平均为-15.2‰,WJD中藻类的δ13C值为-23.8‰,二者具有明显的差异。WJD中δ13C值在-30.9~-16.8‰之间,最偏正的值出现在1月,最偏负的值出现在10月。 5)河流筑坝显著影响了原始河流碳的地球化学行为,δ13C可用来判断这种变化过程。河流-水库水体高频率监测有助于更加详细和真实地了解碳的生物地球化学循环。要准确评估筑坝河流CO2释放通量和明确其碳循环过程中的源汇关系,提高监测频率是非常必要的。
Other AbstractRiver is the main passage for the exchange of materials and energy between ocean and land, and plays a potent role in the global carbon cycle. In recent years, the natural properties and development of rivers have been increasingly affected by human activities, and impoundment is one of most important, obvious and extensive activities as for rivers and riverine system. After being dammed, the velocity of water flow decreased, temperature increased and the nutrients loading increased, indicating a tendency of developing into lake. The enhanced biological impact makes carbon biogeochemical cycle complex. Early research paid attention to river or reservoir purely, and most of them focused on dissolved inorganic carbon and greenhouse gas. To fully understanding the features of carbon biogeochemical cycle in dammed river, rivers and reservoirs in the same drainage basin were sampled synchronously in this research. Giving to that less attention was paid on particulate organic carbon, besides making clear the carbon biogeochemical features in dammed river, identification of POC sources and POC flux was researched primarily. The Wujiang River was typical cascade reservoirs in the southwestern and many researches have been done about this river. Therefore, three reservoirs of different trophic levels, corresponding in-flow waters and out-flow waters were chosen as study objects. Hongfenghu Lake (HFH), located in Maotiao River which was a branch of the Wujiang River, was chosen as reference object. These study area were monitored and sampled twice a month in high frequency, and the concentration of DIC, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), POC and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) were determined, the isotopic compositions of DIC (δ13CDIC) and POC (δ13CPOC) were measured. The distribution characteristics of POC and its sources were discussed, and several conclusions can be drawn: 1) It was evident limnological evolvement in the reservoirs and the concentration of Chl-a in these reservoirs was higher than in rivers of 5.6 times. This induced the changes of the percentages of different DIC speciation. The amount of HCO3- was lowest in reservoir surface waters, and its percentage increased from 91.5% in surface waters to 93.3% in released waters.
Subject Area环境地球化学
Language中文
Document Type学位论文
Identifierhttp://ir.gyig.ac.cn/handle/352002/5819
Collection研究生_研究生_学位论文
Recommended Citation
GB/T 7714
彭希. 筑坝河流碳生物地球化学及颗粒有机碳来源定量辨识[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2013.
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